The Practical Radioamateur
Topics: Electronics, ham radio, amateur radio
Free-/Pirate- Radio DXing/Loggings/Reports & more info -> Over 250 !!! Magazines from the years 1974 - 2017 (all PDF files) See-/Remembering the many old Station Ids from that era! > TnX to RainBrandy for the Scanning!!!
favoritefavoritefavoritefavoritefavorite ( 1 reviews )
Topic: Free Pirate Radio Magazines 1974 - 2017
Free-/Pirate Radio Related Magazines + More
favoritefavoritefavoritefavoritefavorite ( 1 reviews )
Topic: DX
GE amateur radio product promotion with circuits and technical articles.
favoritefavoritefavoritefavoritefavorite ( 1 reviews )
Topics: ham radio, amateur radio
Badger State Smoke Signals started as the publication for ham radio operators in 1969 of the Yellow Thunder Amateur Radio Club and was expanded to include the entire state of Wisconsin in 1983. Jim Romelfanger, K9ZZ was the editor for over 30 years until his death December 2001, and then Ken Ebneter, K9EN continued as editor/publisher until 2009.
Topics: ham radio, amateur radio, wisconsin
Ham Tip from RCA published in the interest of amateur radio operators and electronics experimenters.
Topics: hobby electronics, amateur radio, ham radio, electronic expermenters
An-Naím Arabcha-O'zbekcha Lug'at (Ан‐На’им Арабча‐ўзбекча луғат) ORIGINAL SKANLANGAN HOLATIDAGI, XOM, TAHRIR QILINMAGAN, LOGO QO'YILMAGAN VERSIYASI Bu PDF "An-Na'im" nomli arabcha-o'zbekcha lug'at kitobidan skanner nusxasi olingan holda tayyorlangan bo'lib, ushbu versiyada nusxa olingan sahifalar hech qanday o'zgartirishsiz, qayta ishlovsiz jamlangan. Shuning uchun rasmlarning sifati biroz hira va shakli qiyshaygan bo'lishi mumkin. Lekin biz bu lug'atni...
Topics: Arabic language, arabic, arabic-uzbek, Uzbek language, dictionaries, lug'atlar, O'zbekiston,...
The ARRL's antenna book for radio amateur
favoritefavoritefavoritefavorite ( 1 reviews )
Topics: arrl, radio, antenna, radioamateur
ARRL 1981 radio amateur's handbook scanned at 300dpi for purpose of preservation and historical information.
Topics: ham radio, electronics
ARRL 1968 Radio Amateur Handbook. Placed here to preserve for historical purposes. Still useful and holds vacuum tube information for the vintage experimenters and equipment restoration.
Topics: ham radio, radio amateur, ARRL, ARRL Handbook 1968
Ham radio
Topic: Ham radio
Collections of articles about wire antennas.
Topics: ARRL, antenna, wire antenna, radio amateur, diy, radioamateur
Electronics information pertaining to radio transmitters and receivers and other electronics of interest to the Radio Amateur and Electronics Experimenter
Topics: electronics, circuit design, radio
PDF files about the illegal FCC hijacking of all FM radio broadcast, and what you can do in the face of it. Here you will find an admission that the FCC ONLY has authority to regulate Interstate Commercial broadcasting. This is in line with the Constitutional "Interstate Commerce Clause" - the sole source of any Federal authority to regulate anything except money . Here also is the story of New York Free Media Alliance Microradio - one of many many micropower broadcasters. A...
Topics: radio, FM, broadcasting, public airwaves, free speech, first amendment, constitution, illegal laws,...
ARRL 1976 Radio Amateur Handbook
Topics: radio amateur handbook, amateur communications
Ham Radio - A Beginner's Guide by R.H. Warring
Topics: Warring, Radio construction, Transistor, modelling
Folkscanomy Electronics Articles: ARRL VHF Digital Handbook
Topics: data, tnc, frame, packet, radio, repeater, aprs, hsmm, call, link, call sign, hsmm radio, amateur...
NBS monograph 80. Contents Chapter 1 The Earth's Atmosphere, Geomagnetism, and the Sun 1.1. Nomenclature 1 1.2. Pressure and Density Variations 2 1.3. Chemical Composition 5 1.4. Formation of Ionized Layers 8 1.4.1. Ion Production 8 1.4.2. Ion Disappearance 8 1.4.3. Formation of a Chapman Layer 12 1.4.4. Electron Density Distribution 17 1.5. The Earth's Magnetic Fields 19 1.5.1. The Dipole Field 19 1.5.2. The Real Field 23 1.5.3. Magnetic Variations 26 1.5.4. Magnetic Indices 30 1.6. The...
Topics: Ionospheric Radio Wave Propagation, NBS monograph, Ham Radio, Amateur Radio, DXing, Radio...
This book was written by Clinton B. DeSoto (1912 - 1949, amateur radio callsign W9KL) and published in 1941. Gwendolyn Patton (NG3P) endeavored to compile a complete copy of the book for preservation, and in 1999 with the help of Peter Pegrume (G3GHA) and Sydney Pegrume (FK5CR) the project was completed and a copy of the book was hosted on www.qsl.net via NG3P's personal page at http://www.qsl.net/ng3p/ in HTML format. PDF creation (assembly, table of contents, etc) and archive posting was done...
favoritefavoritefavoritefavoritefavorite ( 1 reviews )
Topics: cq, arrl, amateur, ham, radio, desoto, history, shortwave
Design and construction of VHF antennas and transmitting and receiving equipment for the radio amateur. Copyright 1956, copyright not renewed.
Topics: VHF, Amateur Radio, Handbook
Folkscanomy Electronics Articles: Ham Radio for Dummies
favoritefavoritefavoritefavoritefavorite ( 2 reviews )
Topics: radio, ham, hams, amateur, chapter, web, operating, antenna, frequency, arrl, ham radio, call sign,...
TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 SECTION 1 Cross Reference of American Receiving Tubes 7 SECTION 2 Industrial Substitutes For Receiving Tubes 55 SECTION 3 European Substitutes For American Types 59 SECTION 4 American Substitutes For European Types 67 SECTION 5 Picture Tube Substitutes 79 Digitized by Google.
Topics: Valves, Television Picture Tubes, Vacuum Tubes, Electron Tubes, Receiving Tubes, Electronics,...
Electronics: Ham Radio Transmission Line Transformers Handbook
Topics: ohms, amidon, transformer, schematic, figure, broadband, diagram, unun, impedance, transmission,...
The antenna book for radio amateur
Topics: antenna, radio, radioamateur, diy
1956 public domain textbook in the McGraw-Hill electrical and electronic engineering series. "PREFACE 'Radio Electronics' and 'Electronic Engineering' have been written as companion volumes, though written as independent textbooks. Together they represent a revision and extension of the author's 'Electron-tube Circuits.' It has been necessary to include a certain amount of material that is common to both books in order to ensure completeness and continuity of text material. Moreover, the...
Topics: Electronics, Radio, Amplifiers, Vacuum-tube, Ham Radio, Boatanchor, Amateur Radio, Tubes, Valves,...
Folkscanomy: Ham and Amateur Radio
4,477
4.5K
1920
1920
by
United States. Dept. of Commerce. Bureau of Navigation. Radio Service; United States. Department of Commerce. Radio Division
texts
eye 4,477
favorite 0
comment 0
CONTENTS Notes 4 First district (headquarters, Boston, Mass.) 5 Alphabetically by owners of stations 15 Alphabetically by call signals 21 Second district (headquarters, New York, N. Y.) 28 Alphabetically by owners of stations 28 Alphabetically by call signals 42 Third district (headquarters, Baltimore, Md.) 48 Alphabetically by owners of stations 48 Alphabetically by call signals 56 Fourth district (headquarters, Savannah, Ga.) 59 Alphabetically by owners of stations 59 Alphabetically by call...
Topics: Amateur Radio, Ham Radio, Amateur Radio Stations -- United States -- Periodicals, Radio, Amateur...
the best book on the radio monitoring hobby for beginners.
Topics: radio, monitoring, ham, police, scanner, shotwave
Folkscanomy Electronics Articles: Practical Antenna Handbook
Topics: antenna, antennas, impedance, loop, transmission, vertical, dipole, coaxial, wave, frequency,...
Radio Amateur's Handbook 1970 stored for permanent preservation.
Topics: ham radio, amateur radio, electronics
TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. INTRODUCING THE ELECTRON— 1. The Electron— 2. The Atomic Theory — 4. Matter Can be Transformed — 6. The Atom — 7. The Molecule — 8. The Atom Too is a Structure— 9. The Modern Idea— 11. Conductors and Insulators — 13. Ions and Ionization — 13. Atomic Spacing — 16. Chapter 2. ELECTRON EMISSION— 19. Electron Emission Caused by Energy Conversion — 21. Thermionic Emission — 24. The Indirectly Heated Cathode— 26. Types of Electron Emitters—...
Topics: Vacuum Tubes, Tubes, Ham Radio, Valves, Electricity, Electronics, Amateur Radio, Radio, Electron...
European Utility Newsletter covers various issues related to amateur monitoring of commercial and government HF (High Frequency) radio transmissions. Newsletter of those kind public logs of received transmissions, callsigns and frequencies reported by users from around the world.
Topics: radio, number station, numbers station, number stations, espionage, hf, communication, spectrum...
1943 public domain textbook, Practical Radio Communication: principles, systems, equipment, operation, including very high and ultra-high frequencies and frequency modulation. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 DIRECT-CURRENT ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 1 PART I. ELEMENTARY ELECTRICITY: 1.1. Electric Charges and Forces; 1.2. Protons and Electrons; 1.3. Potential; 1.4. Free Electrons in Solid Conductors; 1.5. Electric Current; 1.6. Electromotive Force; 1.7. Current Strength and Quantity; 1.8. Electrical...
Topics: Shortwave radio, Radio, Ham radio, Amateur radio, Electronics, Antennas, Electricity
A compendium of DIY radio projects from the editors of Popular Science circa 1945.
favoritefavoritefavoritefavoritefavorite ( 2 reviews )
Topics: Vintage radio, amateur electronics
Topics: radio, ham radio, amateur radio, ARRL, map, equidistant azimuthal
Ebook on Radio projects of Evil Genius
Topics: Evil, Genius, Project, Radio
ENIGMA was a number station research group, founded in 1993 by long-time enthusiasts Chris Midgley and Mike Gaufman. They published a hard copy newsletter, first 4 times a year, then twice-annually. Each of those contained station logs, studies, schedules, and also information on general intelligence matters. The group disbanded in 2000, as Chris left due to spending too much of his free time on the newsletters, and Mike was unable to continue running the group on his own. Following the...
Topics: enigma, chris midgley, mike gaufman, radio, ham radio, monitoring, frequency, government, station,...
POPULAR CB MODIFICATION BOOKS,BOOSTING POWER MORE CHANNELS,ALL THE STUFF THE GOVERNMENT HATES. GOOD SURVIVAL COMMUNICATIONS MATERIAL
Topics: SURVIVAL, HAM RADIO, MODS, HACKING RADIOS, COMMUNCATION
Folkscanomy: Ham and Amateur Radio
2,386
2.4K
1965
1965
by
Hollander, Gayle Durham; Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for International Studies. Research Program on Problems of International Communications and Security; Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for International Studies
texts
eye 2,386
favorite 1
comment 0
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for International Studies publication #1816. Contents I. The Importance of Amateur Radio Activity in the Soviet Union 1 II. The Administration of Soviet Amateur Radio Activity 4 III. RADIO, The Official Journal of Soviet Amateur Radio Activity 8 IV. The Amateur Radio Operator 10 a. Technical Training i 11 b. Call Signs 15 c. Frequency Allocations. 20 V. Types of Amateur Communications Being Encouraged. 21 a. Short Wave, vhf. and uhf 21 b....
Topics: Ham Radio, Cold War, Amateur Radio, Radio -- Soviet Union, Soviet Union
1974 Edition of the Radio Amateur's Handbook preserved to prevent loss to the body of knowledge of the human race.
favoritefavoritefavorite ( 2 reviews )
Topics: ham radio, arrl, radio amateur, radio amateur handbook
Folkscanomy: Ham and Amateur Radio
1,877
1.9K
1921
1921
by
Morecroft, John Harold, 1881-1934; Pinto, A. (Assistant chief engineer, Otis Elevator Co.); Curry, W. A. (Walter Andrew)
texts
eye 1,877
favorite 5
comment 0
CHAPTER I Fundamental Ideas and Laws Electrons — Electric fields — Induced charges — Electric current — Conductors and insulators — Continuous and alternating current — Wave shape — Magnetic fields — Units — Induced e.m.f. — Self-induction — Coupling — Capacity — Oscillograph — Current flow in inductive and condensive circuits — Time constant — Alternating-current flow in various circuits — Effect of frequency — Transients in inductive circuits — Resonance...
Topics: Radio, Ham Radio, Amateur Radio, Boatanchor
Dedicated to the scientists, engineers, and inventors who through their labor and genius in perfecting the art of radio communication have placed at the disposal of mankind one of the most useful and powerful instrumentalities of the age FOREWORD The authors of this book have made what they believe is the first attempt to outline the practical, commercial, and romantic sides of radio telephone and telegraph communication. In preparing the manuscript they visualized a book that would instruct...
Topics: Radio, Electronics, Vacuum Tubes, Amateur Radio, Boatanchor, Ham Radio
"Radiotecnica per radioamatori – Con elementi di elettrotecnica, elettronica e radiocomunicazioni", seconda edizione, prima ristampa. Disponibile anche la prima edizione
Topics: libro, radiantismo, radioamatori, elettrotecnica, elettronica, book, amateur radio, electronics
Old Ham Radio Repeater Listings
Topics: ham radio, repeater listing
Folkscanomy Electronics Articles: The Spread Spectrum Source Book
Topics: spectrum, spread, frequency, signal, sequence, amateur, hopping, interference, receiver, radio,...
CONTENTS CHAPTER I NATURE OF WIRELESS TRANSMISSION Theory; Action of Radiant Waves; Interference; How Signals Are Sent; Wave Lengths Used 11 CHAPTER II AERIALS The Antenna; Dimensions; Supports; Height and Length; Various Types; 200 Meter Design; Table for Various Wave Lengths; Radiation Resistance; Capacity and Inductance; Insulation and Construction; Poles and Guy Wires 23 CHAPTER III COIL AND SUB-SURFACE SYSTEMS Multi-Turn Coil Receiver; Portable Receiving Long Distance Set; Principle of...
Topics: Radio, Telegraph, Wireless, Ham radio, amateur radio
Folkscanomy Electronics Articles: ATV Transmitter from a Microwave Oven
Topics: magnetron, frequency, mhz, voltage, transmitter, microwave, power, current, nbfm, cathode, cathode...
"I segreti della radio – Guida all'ascolto di tutto il mondo con un semplice apparecchio a onde corte", collana "Oscar casa".
Topics: libro, radio, radioamatori, radiantismo, onde corte, book, amateur radio, shortwaves
The Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series (NEETS) was developed for use by personnel in many electrical- and electronic-related Navy ratings. Written by, and with the advice of, senior technicians in these ratings, this series provides beginners with fundamental electrical and electronic concepts through self-study. The presentation of this series is not oriented to any specific rating structure, but is divided into modules containing related information organized into traditional...
Topics: Electricity, Electronics, Ham Radio, Amateur Radio, The Navy Electricity and Electronics Training...
Folkscanomy: Ham and Amateur Radio
756
756
1922
1922
by
Hausmann, Erich, 1886-; Goldsmith, Alfred Norton, 1887-; Hazeltine, Louis Alan; Hogan, John V. L. (John Vincent Lawless), 1890-; Morecroft, John H. (John Harold), 1881-1934; Canavaciol, Frank Emanuel; Gibson, Robert D.; Hoernel, Paul C.
texts
eye 756
favorite 2
comment 0
CONTENTS Introduction 1 CHAPTER I HOW RADIO TELEPHONING IS ACCOMPLISHED The Nature of the Sound of Speech and Music 7 How Sound Passes from Speaker to Listener, or Audio Telephony 11 Wire Telephony ; or How Electric Currents Carry Speech 13 What Light Is; or the Electromagnetic Wave 18 Invisible Light and the Radio Wave 20 The Modulation and Control of the Radio Wave 27 Vocal Control or Modulation of the Radio Wave 29 Radio Telephone Reception; or Hearing Changes in the Radio Waves 32 What the...
Topics: Radio, Ham Radio, Amateur Radio
Romania and Hungary's International Service's profiled with unique interviews with broadcasters who worked for the two services during Communism only three years after Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe. This is a unique feature article and a historic document of insider's view of working for Communist propaganda news services, the collapse of Communism, and efforts to remake the international radio networks. You can see the Chanowitz author site with links to all his novels and articles...
( 1 reviews )
Topics: Radio Romania International, ham radio, Cold War, Cold War broadcasting, Radio Hungary, propaganda,...
radio monitoring book.
Topics: radio, electronics, ham, scanner, shortwave
Folkscanomy Electronics Articles: The Radio Amateurs Microwave Communications Handbook
Topics: microwave, amateur, signal, mhz, ghz, communications, frequency, output, gunnplexer, audio, gunn...
CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. How the waves are made. How the waves are received. Antennae, or aerials to catch the waves. How the coherer is made. Making the decoherer. What the relay is for. The receiving circuits connected up. The relay adjustment. Making the relay and sounder. Drilling holes in brass CHAPTER II. Marconi's coherer. The coherer mixture of metals. The spark coil or transmitter. A one and one half inch spark. The iron wire core. A standard six inch spark coil. To get a six inch spark....
Topics: Radio, Telegraph, Wireless, Ham Radio, Amateur Radio
Complete radio amateur handbook for 1977.
Topics: electronics, ham radio, amateur radio, electronics hobby
crystal radio book.
Topics: electronics, crystal, radio
Folkscanomy: Ham and Amateur Radio
3,685
3.7K
Jun 1, 1984
06/84
by
Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center. Annapolis, Maryland
texts
eye 3,685
favorite 4
comment 0
"This handbook presents basic propagation theory, the fundamentals concerning antennas, and the design and use of tactical high frequency and very high frequency antennas. It is a field reference for basic antenna facts and a usage guide for antennas. Keywords include: Antennas; High frequency; Propagation; and Very high frequency." Digitized by www.dtic.mil
Topics: Antennas, Radio Propagation, Amateur Radio, Radio Propagation, HF, Radio Wave Propagation, Ham...
electronics book.
Topics: electronics, boys, radio, book
"Radiotecnica per radioamatori – Con elementi di elettrotecnica e di radiocomunicazioni", prima edizione. Disponibile anche la seconda edizione
Topics: libro, radiantismo, radiotecnica, elettrotecnica, book, amateur radio, radio engineering,...
Folkscanomy: Ham and Amateur Radio
2,085
2.1K
Sep 1, 1997
09/97
by
Rockway, J. W.; Logan, J. C.; Naval Command, Control, and Ocean Surveillance Center (U.S.). Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation Division.
texts
eye 2,085
favorite 1
comment 0
"A comparison involving antenna measurements and performance predictions has sometimes revealed a 6-dB discrepancy between the ground wave transmission measurements and the corresponding calculations. The source of this 6-dB discrepancy is attributable to an incorrect definition of the effective area of the receiving vertical monopole antenna. This erroneous definition is that the effective area of the vertical receiving monople is twice as large as that of a corresponding receiving dipole...
Topics: Dipole Antennas, Antennas, Monopole Antennas, Radiofrequency Wave Propagation, Amateur Radio, Ham...
January 1943 US Army Signal Corps Radio Sets Front Views Receivers and Transmitters Shows various military radio sets as they appeared when operational.
Topics: us army, signal corps, radio, wwii, world war ii, us military, military history
Folkscanomy Electronics Articles: Why I Like Linux and Other Tales
Topics: linux, amateur, radio, internet, aprs, teur, web, networking, windows, dsl, amateur radio, teur...
Folkscanomy Electronics Articles: A PIC16F84-Based CW Decoder
Topics: decoder, interword, pic, francesco, lcd, tantalum, electrolytic, pll, signal, tel, amateur radio,...
crystal radio book.
Topics: crystal, radio
TABLE OF CONTENTS (In place of the conventional Chapters, the book is divided into "Messages" from the authors to the readers.) Message No. 1 9 Purpose and Scope of the Book Message No. 2 10 Radio Waves Message No. 3 14 Electricity the Foundation of Radio Message No. 4 32 Currents Message No. 5 50 Kinds of Radio Waves Message No. 6 55 The Pure Sound Wave Message No. 7 62 Magnetic Effect of Straight Wire Carrying Electrical Current Message No. 8 70 A Simple Receiving Circuit, Using an...
Topics: Radio, Ham Radio, Amateur Radio
"Cosa è, cosa serve, come si usa il baracchino CB", una guida per il novizio all'uso del ricetrasmettitore per la banda cittadina
Topics: libro, radiantismo, book, amateur radio
1944 public domain high school textbook. "This book follows the pre-induction training course, Fundamentals of Electricity, as outlined in the War Department manual PIT-101 and recommended to the high schools by the U.S. Office of Education."
Topics: Electronics, CEBCO series, Boatanchor, Electricity, Ham Radio, Amateur Radio, Radio
Military Affiliate Radio System, MARS Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 1 , March 1953 ABOUT THE COVER: Mars Air Force members of the metropolitan Washington, D. C. area have frequent mobile exercises which include both military and civilian participants. The Pentagon Building is a popular rendezvous point. CONTENTS CQ . . . CQ . . . CQ 2 Editorial 3 Mobile Service in Washington 4 Exact Frequency Operation of the Viking I 6 A Crystal Oscillator Adapter for the Signal Shifter 7 A Multi-Band Mobile Antenna...
Topics: US Army, United States. -- Military Affiliate Radio System, Ham Radio, Amateur Radio, Cold War,...
radio and electronics book for boys.
Topics: radio, electronics, boys
CONTENTS CHAPTERS I A Wonderful Game for Boys 1- 32 The American Youth and the Radio Game, 1 — From the Mouths of Babes, 4 — The Simplest Radiophone Receiver, 8 — The Simplest Radiophone Receiver Analyzed, 14 — Make One for Yourself, 18— Youthful Miracle Workers, 24— The Achievement of "Feed-Back" Armstrong, 26 —Almost Everybody Will Have One, 30. II Ethereal Messengers 33- 47 The Radio Waves Invade Our Homes, 33— All Matter Is Sponge-Like, 36 — The Ocean of Ether,...
Topics: Radio, Electronics, Amateur Radio, Boatanchor, Ham Radio
February 1922 - November 1922. Digitized by Google.
Topics: Radio, Radio -- Periodicals, Amateur Radio, Ham Radio
"TO the oft asked question : 'What is wireless and how is it possible for one to hear signs, speech or music from a source several miles away, without any apparent connection and certainly without any mechanical connection?' We are at first inclined to use the little boy's expression on seeing the giraff at the circus for the first time — 'There ain't no such animal,' but today this answer would immediately be ridiculed by the vast army of radio fans throughout the country who finally...
Topics: Radio, Electronics, Ham Radio, Amateur Radio
October 2017 Philippine Call Book Compiled from the UNOFFICIAL DU GRID LOCATOR/CALLBOOK PROJECT https://www.facebook.com/groups/gridlocator.callbookproject/
Topics: callbook, amateur radio, ham radio, philippine amateur radio
Folkscanomy: Ham and Amateur Radio
1,995
2.0K
Jan 27, 1961
01/61
by
United States. Department of the Army; United States. Department of the Air Force
texts
eye 1,995
favorite 2
comment 0
United States Army Technical Manual TM-11-685 Fundamentals of Single-Sideband Communication. 1961-01-27 "Single-sideband communication systems have been in use by the military for many years. The greater part of these system applications has been in large fixed stations for long-range, point-to-point communication in the high-frequency (HF), 3- to 30-megacycle (mc) spectrum. Because of its many inherent advantages, ssb is replacing amplitude-modulated (AM) portable, vehicular, and avionics...
Topics: Radio, Military -- United States -- Handbooks, manuals, etc, United States. -- Army --...
İstedadlı teleradio jurnalisti Savalan Talıblınm ”Kitab” adlandırdığı bu kitabmda yer alan publisistik yazıları, görkəmli sənət adamları ilə radio müsahibələri, ”Qayınana” hekayəsi ya- zarın peşə sənəti ilə bərabər, həm də yazarın müşahidələri, mütaliəsi əsasında mənəvi ehti- yacdan yaranmışdır.
Topics: Savalan Talıblı, Kitab
